Fayol’s Principles Of Management In Mcdonalds Essay

How Far Henri Fayols Principle Of Management Is Relevant With Contemporary Public Administration stepped down as director, he published his â€Å"14 Principles of Management† in the book â€Å"Administration Industrielle et Generale.† Fayol also created a list of the six†¦ Premium Principles Of Management aspects of Egyptian life were highly organized. There were much inefficiency, Principles of Management MGT503 VU  © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2†¦ Premium Principles Of Management of corporate governance, many of whom are now very actual and applicable. FAYOLS PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT First authority and responsibility are linked†¦ Premium Principles Of Management  new ideas, imagination and visions to the managers and the organisation. . Guide to research. Fayol’s principles of Management. . Division of work . Authority†¦ Premium Principles Of Management for any job, he should also have the concerned authority. Fayol’s principle  of management in this regard is that an efficient manager makes best possible use of his†¦ Premium Principles Of Management course presents the principles of management, emphasizing managerial functions and behavioural concepts and its practical applications in the organsation. Goals†¦ Premium Principles Of Management for any job, he should also have the concerned authority. Fayol’s principle of management in this regard is that an efficient manager makes best possible use of his†¦

Chemistry and Biotechnology

1. What specific topic did you choose to research and evaluate? I decided to conduct research on stem cells for medical use.2. List the resources that you used in your research of your topic.http://www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/related-policy-topics/stem-cell-research/basics-stem-cell-research.page http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx3. Describe, in a few paragraphs, the biotechnology that you researched. How is it currently being used and/or what are the hopes for its use in the future?Stem cell research is a fairly new study which has gained a large amount of popularity lately. Stem cells are cells that have the potential to become specialized into different types of cells within the body. What this can do is help replace damaged cells with healthy new cells since stem cells are able to adapt to what is needed. The research going on is to discover how this can be used medically to help cure major disease s out there in the world.There are many ways to acquire stem cells. The most popular form is through the umbilical cord from the birth process. The other way to acquire this is through the bone marrow and from blood. Some other minor methods include germ cells or organs of an aborted fetus, embryos made by in vitro fertilization and mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. Most commonly however, stem cells are acquired through bone marrow and umbilical cords.4. Describe the positive aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible.The positive outcomes of this can include a wide variety of possibilities. This has the potential to create multiple cures for diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, vision/hearing loss and much more. Also, if a soldier was to be wounded with a burn or fatal injury, stem cells may be able to repair these problems and help lower casualty and death rates in our military. In addition, with how convenient bone marrow can be found (seeing as every person has it), this can help those people, who are in need of stem cells, easily acquire it on such short notice.5. Describe the negative  aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible.There is currently not enough research on stem cells to fully determine their potential as to what they can do. This is bad on both ends of the spectrum. If stem cells were to be proven useless, this would be considered a waste of time and money. If they prove to be extremely powerful and can transform into any cell possible, there may be talk that this kind of technology can be overwhelming. Overwhelming in the sense that what if these stem cells are powerful enough to make a brand new human being? What if people use these stem cells on themselves to make themselves look 21 years old until they die or remodel certain aspects of their body to make it so it fits their desire? It will be a sense of cheating out life by just getting the easy way out of a lot of issues. 6. Based on your research, what is your conclusion about whether or not this biotechnology should be used? Be sure to explain your answer.After conducting my own research I believe stem cells should have more research put into them to discover their complete potential. If proven to be used for medical reasons such as to cure certain diseases, this should definitely be implemented into the medical field (assuming there are no major side effects). This can be a huge advancement in the medical field and may be a breakthrough in saving many lives of dying individuals. I do believe that regardless of its potential, whether stem cells prove to be useful or useless, they should be kept away from the public and should only be kept in medical facilities and only used for medical purposes. I would not feel comfortable having people running around the streets with stem cells in their back pocket not knowing what they can do with them.

How did Shakespeare appeal to his audience, both in the 17th century, and in the modern era? Essay

Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, created a big impact when it was written and first performed and it is still popular and well known. So why do so many people still enjoy it? What did Shakespeare do to capture his audience so well? Act 1, Scene 3 is the scene in which the witches meet again. One tells a detailed story about a sailor whom she is planning to torture. This shows the audience how mean the witches can be so the audience isn’t true how trustworthy they are. Soon after, the witches meet with Banquo and Macbeth and they tell them both prophecies; calling Macbeth Thane of Glamis (which he already is), Thane of Cawdor, and they say that he â€Å"shalt be king hereafter† (line 58). At the end of the scene, Ross and Angus come to inform Macbeth that he is thane of Cawdor. It is once they’ve left that he realises that one of the witch’s prophecies has come true so he starts to wonder about the second one. Act 5 is the last act of the play and in scene 5; there are two main events. Firstly, he is told by Seyton, a messenger, that his wife is dead. After this, Macbeth has a soliloquy. Then, straight away, a messenger hurries in and tells Macbeth that Birnam Woods are advancing. This is a turning point in the play because at this point, Macbeth recalls the witches’ prophecy, which said that he was not die until Birnam Woods advanced. The scene ends with Macbeth ordering to ring alarms. The main characters in Act 1, Scene 3 are the witches, Macbeth and Banquo. The witches seem like a big contradiction. The first witch told a story about torturing a sailor to death because his wife refused to give her chestnuts! This shows just how evil the witches were. However, they called themselves sisters and they worked together. For example, the second and third witches offer to give the first witch wind to help. â€Å"I’ll give thee a wind† (line 10). This is contradictory because they have a good side and a bad side so it makes the audience ask themselves if the witches can be trusted. It turns out, at the end of the play, that although the witches told the truth, a lot of trouble could have been avoided if they hadn’t intervened because Macbeth would not have had the ambition to be the king. This is the first scene in which we see Macbeth on stage. So far, he has been portrayed as a brave soldier and â€Å"noble Macbeth†. However, when he sees the witches, he becomes scared. We know Macbeth doesn’t want to admit that he is scared because he doesn’t say it. However, we can tell because in line 49, Banquo says, â€Å"why do you start and seem to fear / things that do sound so fair?† Banquo doesn’t believe the witches at first. He doesn’t take them seriously at all and once they have vanished, he asks himself if him and Macbeth had taken drugs: â€Å"or have we eaten on the insane root,† (line 82). When he finds out that Macbeth is actually Thane of Cawdor, he is really surprised and in line 105, says, â€Å"what, can the devil speak true?† The â€Å"what,† shows the audience that Banquo is surprised. Macbeth is the only major character in act 5, scene 5. However, he changes a lot throughout the scene. At the beginning, he is extremely confident. He says, in lines 2 to 3 that his â€Å"castle’s strength / will laugh a siege to scorn†. After he hears the cry from offstage, he talks to make the audience feel sorry for him. â€Å"I have supped full with horrors,† (line 13) means that he has had enough horror so he is immune to them. He seems numb to the Queen’s death. This is really odd because at the beginning of the play, he seems truly in love with his wife. He only mentions three lines about his wife. After this, he starts talking about life. When the messenger tells him the news about Birnam Woods, he becomes really rude and calls him a â€Å"liar and slave!† Very soon after, he appears much less confident than at the beginning of the scene. He even tells the messenger that he can treat him like he would treat the messenger, which is to hang hi m on a tree until he dies of hunger. Line 39, â€Å"if thy speech be sooth / I care not if thou dost for me as much† The witches in Act 1, Scene 3 all speak in verse; the rhythm is steady and they speak in rhyming couplets. This shows that they are different and odd to normal people. They also speak to Macbeth and Banquo in riddle. This gives the audience doubts about how trustworthy the witches are. In fact, this turns out to be the main problem in the play because a lot would have been avoided if Macbeth had known the whole and exact truth. As soon as Macbeth arrives, he asks lots of questions. He seems desperate to know more and in his speech in line 68, he pleads the witches to â€Å"tell him more†. He also says everything that is going through his head out loud. This shows the audience that he is confused. In this speech, he also uses a lot of commanding words such as â€Å"say†¦ I charge you†¦ you owe†¦ speak†¦ tell†. After the witches vanish, Macbeth starts speaking in really short sentences, which make him seem more thoughtful because we don’t know w hat he’s thinking in between his sentences. After Ross and Angus have left, Macbeth says a lot to the audience (soliloquies). This shows his thoughts and gives the audience audience privilege. This makes the plot seem more exciting. He asks himself a lot of questions in these speeches, which is a change from the constant commanding tone he was using earlier. Lines 131-135, he says, â€Å"why hath it given me earnest of success† meaning, ‘why was I promised a promotion (to be the Thane of Cawdor)’ then he goes on to ask himself â€Å"why do I yield to that suggestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning, ‘why does it give me such horrible thoughts?’ The audience do not know what these thoughts are although later, we find out that he couldn’t help thinking of murdering King Duncan. At one point, Macbeth even goes into a daze! We know this because in line 142, Banquo says, â€Å"look how our partners rapt.† At the beginning of Act 5, Scene 5, Macbeth gives a lot of orders (Shakespeare used lots of exclamation marks when writing the play). These show that Macbeth is very confident. In lines 2-4, Macbeth says, â€Å"Our castle’s strength will laugh a siege to scorn†. This shows he is not just confident in his way of saying things, but also very arrogant and confident that he will win. However, after his wife, the Queen, dies, Macbeth’s confidence drops. His soliloquy makes the play less realistic because people don’t usually talk to themselves however it is still evocative because it clearly shows Macbeth’s emotions. In his soliloquy, Macbeth mentions that his wife should have died at a more convenient time; line 17, â€Å"she should have died hereafter.† This shows that Macbeth is suddenly completely numb in contrast to him being deeply in love before his wife died. Perhaps, at this pint he is telling himself that he didn’t really care abo ut the Queen because he didn’t want to show his being upset. In line 20, Macbeth starts talking about the meaning of life. This is showing he has a soft side and it’s also the point at which, in my opinion, he really starts to feel sorry for himself and realises the damage of all his mistakes. This section could also be a metaphor because he is comparing life to a play. He reminds the audience that the play is just an unreal story by saying that it’s just a story â€Å"told by an idiot†. It may be that Shakespeare is calling himself an idiot but I think this is highly unlikely. I think, on the other hand, that Macbeth is calling the author (Shakespeare) an idiot because Macbeth’s part in the play is not nice (he turns out to be the tragic hero). Moreover, by saying that an actor plays his character â€Å"and then is heard no more†, Macbeth hints at the end of the story at which he dies. Also, he is near the end of his acting and will probably be seen no more. He is emphasizing this point; perhaps to let people remember him once the play is over. It seems as though Shakespeare wrote this as Macbeth’s true moments, by himself, on stage as the hero. Macbeth’s evocative soliloquy, which shows his soft side, contrasts his really rude manner later. For example, in line 34, he shouts â€Å"liar and slave†. Then he quickly becomes less scary as he starts doubting himself and he even tells the messenger that he has the permission to hand Macbeth onto â€Å"a tree till he dies of hunger†. These sudden changes in moods and politeness show that Macbeth has confused emotions. Equivocation and Evil are the two main themes in Act 1, Scene 3. Equivocation is also the main theme throughout the play. In scene 3, the witches all talk in riddle. This is unclear and therefore a form of equivocation because if the witches told the complete truth, the plot would have been completely different. For example Macbeth would have understood the Birnam Woods riddle. He would have understood that the ‘forest advancing’ meant an army of soldiers against him. Evil is the other main theme in Act 1, Scene 3. This is the scene in which Macbeth contemplates killing King Duncan. He describes his thoughts as awful and they can’t even be spoken; lines 138-139 â€Å"Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair / and make my seated heart knock at my ribs.† However, once Duncan is dead, Macbeth is suddenly able to kill more people more easily. So, what originally seemed very evil became normal for Macbeth. The Evil theme continues in act 5, scene 5. For example in lines 3-5, Macbeth says â€Å"here let them lie till famine and the ague eat them up† Macbeth said this without second thoughts showing that he does not feel very disturbed about people being killed or dieing horribly. Also, the evil in this scene is based more on Violence and Tyranny. For example, in lines 37-39, Macbeth says â€Å"if though speak’st false / upon the next tree shall hang though alive / Till famine cling thee†. This is clearly more gruesome and evil than killing Duncan with a dagger but it is given less importance because killing, by this point, has become more accepted in the play. Another theme in act 5, scene 5 is Appearance Vs Reality. For example, it appears that Birnam Woods are advancing and Macbeth doesn’t understand this however, it turns out to an army of soldiers carrying logs. We can tell that no body really understood why the woods were advancing because in lines 32-33 , a messenger says, â€Å"and anon, methought / the wood began to move†. Also, it appears, when Macbeth is talking about the Queen dieing, that he doesn’t care and he seems completely numb to any pain. However, I think Macbeth is just putting on a false appearance at this point to pretend he is not upset and he’s strong but in fact, I think the reality is that he is very upset but hiding it. Also, going by the riddles, it appears Macbeth is not going to die. He was promised by the second apparition in act 4, scene 1 (line 82-83) that â€Å"none of woman born / shall harm Macbeth.† Both Macbeth and the audience think that everybody is ‘of woman born’ and therefore Macbeth will not die. However, the reality, as is revealed in the very last scene in lines 15-16 in which Macduff explains that he, â€Å"was from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped.† Meaning that he was born by caesarean section and is therefore going to kill Macbeth. Throughout the whole play, the staging is important to pass messages on to the audience. In Act 1, Scene 3, the witches enter with thunder. This emphasizes the fact that they are weird and mysterious. Also, thunder is usually thought of as a negative thing so Shakespeare, by making the witches related to thunder, give the audience a bad impression of them. It’s as though the thunder symbolises the witches’ wickedness. Also in line 33, the witches dance together â€Å"hand in hand† and they call themselves â€Å"The weird witches† showing that they are different to normal people. The audience sees the witches as outsiders and obviously would find it hard to relate to them. Another weird and mysterious part is when the witches vanish after line 78. The withes actions show the audience that they are different and this, consequently, gives the audience doubts about whether they can be trusted as, as humans, we naturally find it difficult to trust people/things we don’t know. Contrary to the witches, Ross and Angus are completely normal people, and in fact, they enter normally, with no special staging effects. Macbeth is given speaches a couple of times during Act 1, Scene 3. At first, he speaks aside in line 117-119 when he marvels at being Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis and he knows that being king is still to come. He also speaks aside in lines 130, 133, 147 and 152. All of these aside speeches make the play more unrealistic. Shakespeare did this because with the play being unrealistic, it can represent the characters emotions more effectively so they play is more evocative. It also means that the audience solely concentrate on the characters and their emotions. This emphasizes them so this play is written about the emotions and the plot is just a way of portraying them. In act 5, scene 5 the Queen dies offstage. This draws the audience’s feelings towards Macbeth’s emotions and feelings as opposed to the actual death itself. This is important because death has become relatively insignificant by this point in the play because so many people have died. Therefore, drawing attention to the death would not be very effective. However, the audience is very interested in how Macbeth has changed throughout the play so his soliloquies and attention to him are very important in this part of the play. In the 17th century, Shakespeare’s plays were more enjoyed by the public because at the time, they also had a social significance. Historians have also been able to learn about life during the 17th century through Shakespeare’s play as they are closely related to society at that time. For example, in the 1600s there was a big concern about witches. People were extremely scared of them and there were rewards for catching them and horrible punishments for being a witch. This contrasts the play as the witches actually told the truth. The audience is as surprised as Macbeth is when he finds out that he was the Thane of Cawdor. In line 108, Macbeth says, â€Å"what, can the devil speak true?† to show his surprise. On the other, it was nasty of the witches to interfere and they were the main cause of all the problems so they proved to be as bad as society thought they were. The chestnut story in Act 1, Scene 3 shows the audience just how evil the witches are. This makes the audience feel happy because they have just been proved right about their thoughts about witches. Moreover, during Shakespeare’s time, loyalty to the king was one of the most important things. Therefore, Macbeth’s thoughts (line 33) were extremely bad. It would have shocked the audience. This is also one of the main reasons that Duncan’s death is offstage. It would have offended the King if he were shown dieing on stage. In Act 5, Scene 5, it is especially surprising that Macbeth tells the messenger that he is allowed to hang him alive from a tree and let him die of hunger because during the 17th century, social status was very important and the King’s status would have been considered to be much greater than a messenger’s. The fact that Macbeth told the messenger that he could treat him the same, means that Macbeth is bringing his status right down much lower than a King would normally be; to the level of the messenger. In society at that time, this would be extremely different to what everyone was used to so this event would have a huge impact on the audience. In my opinion, the unreality of the play is the main reason that Shakespeare managed to appeal to his audience both in the 17th century and in the modern era. The plot obviously had more social significance in the 17th century and was therefore probably more effective then but the plot isn’t the most important part whereas the emotions our. As our emotions haven’t changed, the play can still be enjoyed now and the modern audience can still understand, and be affected by the evocative speeches and scenes. Cami Rothe Form: 10PE Teacher: A. Partington Coursework: Pre 1914 Drama / Shakespeare

Classical Composer Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical Composer Assignment - Essay Example His music is also known for its humor aspect and its ability to entertain the audience. Haydn incorporated humor in his music through sudden loud chord similar to the ones he used in the London symphony. He also employed jokes and false ending to incorporate a humor aspect in his music. Haydn realized that the music performed during his era was not in accordance to the day’s fashion. He embarked on a mission to create fashion in music or to create fashionable music. He is considered as the founder of the stylistic era or period commonly referred to as Strum und Drang. Haydn did not receive much musical influence during his childhood although he ended up as a musician. Although he was introduced to the harp by his parent during his early childhood, his musical career owes much to other classical musicians. Haydn realized that the classical music scene required a change. This included the involvement of audience in performances. Classical music was more concerned with passing of the message or marking a ceremony or an event. This was the main problem that Haydn identified in classical music. Unlike other artists of his era, Haydn composed music and sought an upgrade for the existing music. This effort is well represented by his role in changing of style and the introduction of performance in classical

CONTRACT LAW ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example In the case of Mark and JETS, it can be established that Mark desired and needed the services offered by JETS, specifically, the provisions that (d) a Hamletjet 1000 must be available, and one of a list of designated pilots must be on call, 24 hours a day; (e) all pilots will have a jet at the ready for clients’ use within 30 minutes of receiving a request from a client. Since the stipulations were clear, it is assumed that the offered services are vital and strictly followed by both parties and that any violation of the stipulation would render breach of contract or even economic loss on the part of Mark. In the instance that Mark needed a Hamletjet in February 11, and that immediately informed JETS about this need was part and covered by the contract. It is expected that in 30 minutes, the Hamletjet will be available for Mark. Failure of the JETS to provide a transport for Mark is a breach of the stipulations. Inducing Breach of Contract Under the doctrine of substantial per formance, Lord Mansfield indicated that in common law, it is a term in the contract that creates an obligation to be performed by one party to the contract, and subsequently, further obligation arises on the side of the other party (The Modern Law Review, 1975). The condition upon which the entire contract, or as a whole, becomes dependent on the conditions indicated on the contract, of which two had been violated by JETS in the disadvantage of Mark. It should be noted that no further agreement was taken after the failure to deliver on the part of JETS. Had the two parties – Mark and JETS – met and discussed to create a new agreement, the case could have taken the route of Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co., of which Lord Cairns stated that: It is the first principle upon which all courts of equity proceed, that if parties, who have entered into definite and distinct terms involving certain legal results, afterwards by their own act or with their own consent enter upon a course of negotiation which has the effect of leading one of the parties to suppose that the strict rights arising under the contract will not be enforced, or will be kept in suspense, or held in abeyance, the person who otherwise might have enforced those rights will not be allowed to enforce them when it would be inequitable having regard to the dealings which have taken place between the parties (Hughes v Metropolitan Railway, 1877). Lord O’Hagan, on the same case mentioned, noted the failure of one party to oblige upon the agreement of both parties, to which, he commented, â€Å"They entered into a covenant: and if they have failed to fulfil their undertaking they must abide the results, however onerous, unless the circumstances excuse their default in the view of a Court of Equity. But if they acted, or failed to act, through a mistake induced by the conduct of the Plaintiff: if they were misled by it into the belief that his strict legal right was abandoned or suspen ded for the time, he cannot be allowed to take advantage of the forfeiture which was so accomplished.† In Lumley v Gye, it had been ruled out that liability depended upon the contracting party having committed an

Answering Questions on Digital Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answering Questions on Digital Media - Essay Example Employing Graphic Design in VJum Amel design in the creation of R-Shief Labs makes it more appealing and conducive for the event at hand. This makes the poster give a different feeling of the overall event hence pull attendance in large numbers. VJ Um Amel is a media designer, is undertaking her PHD studies, and the maker of R-Shief Labs. Her performances and compositions consist of visual performance that is live, Media Graphics Planning and Designing, database Illustrator artist, and analyzing of network. She considers that a successful art panorama and digital knowledge are solutions to the 21st century autonomous performances. The volume of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was done in the year 1206. It was debatably the most inclusive and meticulous anthology of the most modern acquaintance concerning automated apparatus and technicalities. The work methodically tabled out the technological advancements of a diversity of devices and machineries that both ty pified and extended obtainable acquaintance on robotics and automation (Al-Jazari, 6). Donald Hill, who decoded and had completed mainly to propagate the significance of the above-mentioned text, asserted, it is unfeasible to exaggerate the significance of Al-Jazari's vocation in the account of engineering. Until contemporary periods, there is the absence of another manuscript from whichever cultural and intellectual area that offers an equivalent prosperity of directives for the design and proposal, construction and assemblage of equipments. Al-Jazari at his times did not merely incorporate the methods of his Arab and non-Arab forerunners, but was also imaginative. This paper depicts al-Jazari's perspectives of work as a noteworthy input to the account of robotics and computerization as it facilitates a significant re-evaluation of typical concepts and the conservative history of computerization and consequently of robotics (Hill, 67). Al-Jazari's vocation of art is depicted as com mendable of what is termed as Islamic automation, where the concepts of power that have educated the conservative history of computerization and robotics are replaced by submission and compliance to the pace of the devices. In relation of Al-Jazari convictions of Islamic Automation to VJ Um Amel‘s project R-Shief, both employ the aspect of computerization, highlighted and encouraged the methodical progress of science and expertise in technology. They both employ the aspect of Islamic programming in their viewpoint of composition. Therefore, the connotation of anything in account or history is not permanent and monotonous, as it is opportunely understood in conservative historical techniques. The straight historiographical performance typically searches the origin, in which there is, Foucault asserts, an effort to confine the precise real meaning of things, their crudest potentials and their cautiously cosseted identities since this search supposes the subsistence of motionless forms that precede the peripheral world of misfortune and progression. Hill asserts that one major distinctive characteristic of the Islamic nations was an invariable striving after organization in order to put up machinery that would do without human intrusion for elongated periods. He affirms, numerous kinds of management, a number of which are deliberated of as fairly modern, were engaged to attain these outcomes:

Compare and contrast the characters of Iago and Othello in Research Paper

Compare and contrast the characters of Iago and Othello in Shakespeare's Othello - Research Paper Example In Western Literature, the protagonist of the Shakespeare’s play ‘Othello’ is considered the first black central character ever adopted in the play. This is one of the famous characters Shakespeare worked out during his writing career. In the initial stages of the play, the author beautifully dramatizes Othello’s character with love, warmth and grace. Shakespeare portrays his character as a noble guy- who was not only a loving husband but also a respected and celebrated war hero. He was an expressive person who was a fluent storyteller. However, at the closing stages of the play, Othello has come forward as an irrational, jealous and violent husband who was getting insane and finally murdered his own wife because of his extreme envy towards Lago who convinced Othello that his wife Desdemona became unfaithful to him. On the other hand, Lago- one of the most mysterious and disreputable character of the play seems to spend most of his time, from the beginning of the play, in plotting and scheming against Othello and his wife Desdemona. In the end of the play, the villain- Lago became successful in his deeds to convince Othello that his wife is no more faithful to him. He persuaded Othello to understand that his wife has been continuously cheating Othello- from the very beginning of their wedlock. Despite the plot, Lago has created, Desdemona was completely faithful. However, here it can be clearly observed that Othello was a noble guy but the circumstances changed his personality and poisoned him with extreme bitterness that came to an end with Desdemona’s murder. On the other hand, Lago was a cruel villain from the very beginning. His unkindness and meanness can be seen from the very start. He believes on absurd way of living and induces annihilation for people whom he knows the best. His character in the play does not portray any sort of motivation for the readers. As far as Othello’s status in Venice is concerned, he sta rted his career as a traveler who traveled long distances. In the initial stages he had been sold as a slave as well. From there he escaped and finally moved towards Venice where he rushed for his career and finally ended up with a glowing status of military commander. As far as Othello’s character is concerned in the city of Italy- Venice, it can be observed that his character was quite complicated to understand there. He was not only an insider but an outsider at the same time. He was a Christian by religion who was an experienced commander in military as well. He was not only admired by people but by the Senate and the Duke as well. However, it was a fact that he was a black Moor at the same time and not the local habitant of Venice. This causes racism issues, time to time, for Othello especially the father of his wife always considers his marriage with Desdemona as a result of his tricks towards her. Desdemona’s father believes that Othello enchanted her daughter w ith magic spells and foul charms. In this play, it can be observed that many characters refer Othello as a â€Å"devil†- â€Å"old black ram† and a â€Å"thick- lips† person. It is referred that Othello just inspired the lady because of his hyper- sexuality. At that point Lago showed his character and referred Othello as a ‘devil.’ He induced aggression in Brabantio that he would surely be a â€Å"grandsire† of devil like black babies. Here it can be clea

What is Finance and what is the benefit of choosing Finance as major Essay

What is Finance and what is the benefit of choosing Finance as major - Essay Example ognizant of the fact that with a working or professional knowledge in finance, I could not only manage my personal finances effectively but i could also use the skills in any other field that I decided to enter later in life. Finance involves the administration of financial affairs, as well as the overall control of fiscal institutions and investments; they also handle risk management as well as sourcing for funding and funds for capital markets. They also select and evaluate investment projects which require coordination of funds, and making cost benefit analysis for the parties supplying and investing capital. An understanding of financial concepts and practices along with knowledge of the instruments and participants in the financial markets is vital to sound financial decision making (Shang and Peter 280). As finance major, I am involved in the study of financial institutions and the analysis of the management practices of commercial banks, loans, credit and saving association insurance firms, pension funds, and any other institution that plays a direct role in the financial sector. In the modern financial market place, there is a great deal of competition and this requires numerous financial strateg ies and which means that my skills can be used in a variety of settings. One of the fields in which my course qualifies me to work is investment, it involves the analysis and selection of various securities emphasizing on stocks and bonds. As a finance graduate, I will be expected to analyze the roles of these instruments and how they affect differing financial institutions’ portfolios. This takes to account the fact that financial markets are representative of the market environment sin which financial institutions and investors will create financial assets or liabilities, in one learns to examine and analyze the nature of these instruments as well as the various market innovations and structural changes. When one majors in finance, they needs must have

Budgetary Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Budgetary Control - Assignment Example Accounting practices such as, budgetary control and performance management prevails within organizations and as such they are part of organization’s wider environment (Scott, 2001). The practice of budgetary control has the potential to create several ways of social and organizational functioning and this practice often goes through certain modifications in response to changes in organizational form and society (Hopwood, 1994). As a consequence of this, budgetary control and performance management practices are by no means stationary phenomena within organizations. These practices that change over time are not homogenous and can take a different shape in response to varying contents, places and times. The management accounting practice of budgetary control and its subsequent use in performance management and reporting are considered to be very important in current business environment (Fowler, 2008). The requirement to adopt such accounting techniques was a tenet in the 90s followed by majority of world organizations. The usage of budgetary control as an accounting practice has evolved since then, precisely because of its significant contribution in the field of organizational performance management (Stieglitz and Heine, 2007). In order to be able to critically evaluate the claim regarding use of budgetary control in performance management, the researcher will have to conduct a thorough review of empirical literatures, encompassing each and every aspect of budgetary control with an aim to establish a relationship between budgetary control and performance management. It is widely known that resources of an organization need to be efficiently and effectively managed in order to achieve organizational objectives. This implies that organizations must have the ability to achieve its objectives by adopting cost effective strategies. Thus, management of performance requires coordination and control of the efforts made by an

Free Trade and Fair Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free Trade and Fair Trade - Research Paper Example ng trade and therefore facilitating economic growth and development while fair trade aims at empowering the disadvantaged groups and helping them to improve their living standards. The two concepts also differ in the individuals that they benefit because while free trade benefits established traders in the global market such as multinational corporations, fair trade benefits marginalized economic players, especially in less developed countries. The scope of the two concepts also identifies antagonizing effects. While liberalization such as lowering of tariffs and elimination of trade barriers characterize free trade, fair trade identifies restrictions that may aim at restricting entry of more efficient prayers in a given market segment (Fair Trade Resource 1). Free trade identifies eliminated regulations and restriction in a market with the aim of promoting trade and economic activities while fair trade involves establishment of restrictions and regulations with the aim of protecting a marginalized group in a market. Fair Trade Resource. â€Å"How does fair trade differ from free trade?† Free Trade Resource. N.d. Web. February 4, 2014.

Nietzxche, Friedrich. On the use and abuse of History for Life Essay

Nietzxche, Friedrich. On the use and abuse of History for Life - Essay Example He was the vizier of the fourth dynasty during the reign of pharaoh Sneferu. Therefore, the writings are assumed to have been written between 2613-2589 B.C. The ancient writers did not specifically put the date of writing of the teachings but they gave the period and the king who reigned at that time. This information is used to determine age and time of the writing. The writing is categorized as wise sayings because they were written to guide the Pharaoh’s children on how they were to live and rule. According to the Egyptians, the writings are teachings which guide them in their daily ventures. The writing of these teachings took place in the Pharaoh’s palace, where their children were being taught. 2. †¦of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. The title in which the above quote falls is creation, though others may group it as commandment. It can be argued to be creation sin ce it comes after Man and Woman have been created. On the other hand, it is said to be a commandment since it is an instruction to the created being on what they should and should not do. The commandment has more weight since it has punishment onto it that if they do not follow they will surely die. It was later found out that disregard of the instruction led to punishment and expulsion out of the garden. Thus, the quote is a command given to Adam and Eve by God in the Garden of Eden after they were created. The quote is found in the Bible, the book of Genesis chapter 2 versus seventeen. The writings were written years later by Moses despite the occurrence of the event in 4004 B.C when creation is believed to have taken place. Moses wrote the book of Genesis and grouped it with four others, naming it the book of Torah. The quote offers teaching to the believers on obedience and signifies the belief in one God to give them orders. The quote is religious due to its nature of involving beings and Supernatural forces. Moses wrote the book while in the desert with the Israelites as they were moving from Egypt into the Promised Land. 3. God created man in his own image, in the image of God created He him; male and female created He them. The quote above is extracted from creation. It justifies the existence of man as not from the natural causes but thoughtfully designed into existence by a Supernatural being. The book was written by Moses while in the desert with his fellow Israelites after running from Egypt, where they had served as slaves. The quote was used by Moses to remind the Israelites that they were created. It is extracted from the books of Moses known as the Torah, specifically the book of Genesis. The Quote was Jewish and is also used in the Christian context among those who believe in creation. The quote was said in the Garden of Eden, where the Bible states to have been the place where God began the creation. The event, therefore, occurred in 4004 B.C , the period in which it is believed the creation took place. It is found in the Bible, from the book of Genesis chapter one versus twenty seven (Genesis 1:27). The quote explains the work carried out in the sixth day of creation to crown the work that took a week; work that made the whole world. It denotes end of the creation act which was creating man. It denoted the end of the creation. The quote is categorized as religious, appreciating the existence of

Typical Dreams Essay Example for Free

Typical Dreams Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One way to study dreams is to study their content. This can be done by laboratory studies in which sleepers are awakened during REM sleep and their reports are tape recorded. Subjects can also keep a dream diary in which they write all they can remember about their dreams. These different methods have revealed some interesting facts about the nature of dream content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What causes you to dream the things you dream? That question cannot be answered as yet (see Rados Cartwright, 1999). Research can point to individual cases where the dream content is obviously related to immediate events in a person’s life, but the reason why a lot of dreams occur is something of a mystery. One explanation of dream content proposes that during REM sleep specific brain neurons are activated, such as those involved in running or laughing or hearing. In an attempt to make sense of this specific neural activation, the brain produces a dream based on a synthesis of the stimulation present. Called the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, this view does not account for the seemingly random dream content that often occurs, and it is consistent with the neurological changes known to accompany REM sleep (Hobson McCarley, 2001). However, it does not explain the coherence, detail, and purposefulness common to many dreams. Studies of dream content must now recognize that dreamers may alter their content while they are actually dreaming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For most people, the content of their dreams is beyond their control. How often have you gone to bed wishing you could dream about a particular someone, or afraid you might dream about an especially distressing subject? Sometimes in dreaming we think ourselves that â€Å"this is a dream.† Yet in the morning if we remember the dream and recall thinking that we knew it was a dream at the time, we find that we still accepted the content as plausible, even if events in the dream would be unlikely or impossible in real life. Some people are able to carry this awareness during dreaming a step further: they claim the ability to know when they dreaming and to actually control some or all of the content of their dreams. This is called lucid dreaming. In the past such claims have attracted little interest from dream researchers because there seemed no way to test these assertions. However, working with the sleep research lab at Stanford University, Stephen LaBerge, a lucid dreamer, was able to demonstrate his special ability. LaBerge told the researchers that during the dreams he would suddenly become aware that he was dreaming and that he could signal the researchers of this awareness by a prearranged pattern of eye movements. They agreed on a mixture of horizontal and vertical eye movements that he would use when he knew he was dreaming. The probability that the particular eye movement pattern would appear by chance was infinitesimally small. During the night the researchers watched the EEG records, and in one of the REM sleep periods, to their excitement and delight, they saw the coded eye movement pattern (La Berge et al., 2001). Other lucid dreamers have since been identified and are being studied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is known how many people have the ability for lucid dreaming. Surveys based in self-report provide estimates of between 15 and 28%. Laboratory studies of lucid dreaming usually design by asking people if they frequently are aware of their dreams while dreaming. Those who say that they have that ability are tested in the sleep laboratory, and most are able to demonstrate their lucid dreaming ability using some prearranged signal (typically an eye movement code, sometimes a respiration pattern). These studies have found that lucid dreamers are not lucid in all of their dreams; in fact, the majority of their dreams are nonlucid. Many subjects can become aware of their dreaming, but few can manipulate their dream content. Still, some studies have been successful in giving instructions about specific dream content to lucid dreamers and having them dream about those subjects. When lucid dreams occur, they are more likely to be in the longer REM sleep periods toward morning. Researchers hope to discover how lucid dreaming is possible because phenomenon has something interesting implications for our understanding of consciousness. For in essence, the lucid dreamer is partly in one state of consciousness, the dream, and partly in a totally different state of consciousness, the awareness of the dream. A practical application of this research might be an understanding of the process so that many dreamers could learn how to control their dream content (Galvin, 2002). Discussion Why people dream?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although most dreams do not have overt sexual imagery, Freud nevertheless believed that most adult dreams can be â€Å"traced back by analysis to erotic wishes.† In Freud’s view, a gun, for example, might be a disguised representation of a penis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Freud considered dreams the key to understanding our inner conflicts, his critics say that dream interpretation leads down a blind alley. Some contend that even if dreams are symbolic, they can be interpreted almost any way one wishes. Others maintain there is nothing hidden in dreams. A dream about a gun, they say, is a dream about a gun. Even Freud, who loved to smoke cigars, acknowledges that â€Å"sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freud’s theory of dreams is giving way to newer theories. One of these sees dreams as information processing: Dreams may help store and remind our day’s experiences. Preceded by stressful experiences, REM sleep rises (Palumbo, 2001). What is more, there is â€Å"consistent and compelling evidence† that REM sleep facilitates memory for unusual or anxiety-arousing material (McGrath Cohen, 1999). In one experiment, people heard unusual phrases before bedtime and then were given a memory test the next morning. If awakened every time they began REM sleep, they remembered less than if awakened during other sleep stages (Empson Clarke, 2000). A night of solid sleep (and dreaming) does, it seems, have a justifiable place in a student’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason why we dream is because of physiological function. Perhaps dreams give the dead to the world brain with periodic stimulation. Stimulating experiences and develops and preserves the brain’s neural pathways. This theory makes sense from a developmental point of view. Infants, whose neural networks are just developing, spend a great deal of time in REM sleep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still other physiological theories propose that dreams occur from neural activity that scatters upward from the brainstem. According to one version, this neural activity is random, (Hobson, 2002). Psychologists Martin Seligman and Amy Yellen (1999) note that the seconds-long bursts of rapid eye movements during REM sleep coincide with bursts of brain activity, people report vivid experiences, usually dramatic hallucinations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given these visual scenes, our cognitive machinery weaves a story line. Mix in the emotional tone provided by the limbic system (which becomes active during REM sleep) and—voila!—we dream. This helps explain many of our dream experiences, such as the sudden and bizarre changes in scene (triggered by a new visual burst). Dream reports by Seligman’s University of Pennsylvania students confirm that the most vivid dream images are the surprising, discontinuous aspects of the dream; other less vivid images we presumably conjure up to string the visual bursts together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The function of dreams provokes vigorous debate, but the disputants all agree that we need REM sleep. Deprived of it by repeated awakenings, people return more and more quickly to the REM stage after falling back to sleep. When finally allowed to sleep undisturbed, the literally sleep like babies, with increased REM sleep—a phenomenon called REM rebound. The withdrawal of REM-suppressing sleeping medications also increases REM sleep, but with accompanying nightmares. Most other mammals also experiences REM sleep and REM rebound. Animals’ need for REM sleep suggests that its causes and functions are deeply biological. That REM sleep occurs in mammals (and not in animals such as fish, whose behavior is less influenced by learning) also fits the information-processing theory of dreams. All of which serves to remind us once again of a basic lesson: Biological and psychological explanations of behavior are partners, not competitors. III. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interpretation or analysis of dreams remains one of the most controversial topics in psychology. A number of disparate views on this subject exist, ranging from the notion that all dreams are interpretable in a psychoanalytic framework to the idea that dream content is essentially randomly generated from the memory stores of the brain and thus meaningless. We adopt a position somewhere in the middle of this controversy, we believe that dreams have meanings and somebody can interpret it. _________________________________________________________________ References: Rados, R., Cartwright, R.D. (1999). Where do dreams come from? A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 433-436. Hobson, J.A. McCarley, R.W. (2001). The brain as a dream state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1335-1348. La Berge, S. et al., (2001). Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. Journal of Mind Behavior, 7, 251-258. Galvin, R. M. (2002). Control of Dreams may be possible for a resolute few. Smithsonian, pp. 110-117. Palumbo, S.R.   (2001). Dreaming and memory: A new information-processing model. New York: Basic Books. (p. 157). McGrath, M.J., Cohen, D.G. (1999). REM sleep facilitation of adaptive waking behavior:   A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 24-57. (157). Empson, J.A.C., Clarke, P.R.F. (2000). Rapid eye movements and remembering. Nature, 227, 287-288. (p. 157). Hobson, J.A. (2002). The dreaming brain. New York: Basic Books. (p.158).

The Tyre Industry Sector

The Tyre Industry Sector Tyres and tubes, the strategic rubber products and basic supplements to the automotive vehicles are of most importance to the countrys economy. The tyre industry sector is providing direct employment to over 40,000 people and indirect employment to lakhs of people. This industry sector is now being considered as a core industry sector. The manufacturing of automobile tyres as an essential ancillary for the development of automobile sector came into being in India during the 1930s when the Dunlop India Ltd., the first tyre manufacturing transnational company started its operation in 1935 at Sahaganj in West Bengal. During the early period the overseas tyre manufacturing companies were having major equity participation in the Indian manufacturing companies. After 1970s there was a change in the policy of Government and it decided not to sanction any foreign equity The setting up of joint sector projects with multiple foreign collaboration was considered feasible. At present 11 large companies with 15 factories and 9 medium-scale companies scattered all over India are manufacturing tyres and tubes for automotive vehicles including aero tyres and tyres for defence services. As estimated, their total production during 1987 was 128 lakhs tyres against the total installed capacity of 179.44 lakhs tyres. The interesting feature of the tyre industry in India is that starting from its inception to the present day its progress has been influenced by repeated import of technical collaborations. There is an urgent need to build up indigenous capabilities for tyre technology including the tyre machinery. within view of this, it was opinion desirable to carry out the review of at hand status of this industry and to identify and analyze the critical inputs required for absorption and up gradation of imported technology. The DSIR has introduce a system National Register of Foreign Collaborations Which imagine check and analysis of imported technologies in the country also suggest measures for appropriate choice, acquisition and implementation of foreign know-how. The main objectives of this plan are Undertake financial, economic and legal analysis of set of data on foreign collaborations. Carry out a technology analysis of the imported machinery and provide state of the art machinery in use in the country and status of execution of alliance Provide the basis for National Science strategy wherever possible. In the long run lead to unpack aging of imported technology and in generation of national strength in competitively purchase only certain components of machinery. Coordinate with department of Industry, Commerce and Finance etc. by provided that machinery data input. Facilitate more efficient countrywide contribution with various organizations such as UNCTAD, UNIDO, and ESCAP etc. and in the global switch over of information and co-operation with current developing country the three reports has been ready under National Register of Foreign alliance to review the Tyre Industry in India. 1.6 The In-house RD units in industry are advantageously located to absorb and get improved upon the import machinery. Equipment invention in the Indian tyre industry has witness a fair total of expertise and adaptability to absorb, settle in and adapt worldwide technology to suit Indian conditions. This is reflecting in the swift technology progression from cotton (reinforcement) carcass to high-performance radial tyres in a distance of four decades. Globalization has lead to the concerning of the economy of all the nations and so key Indian company in the tyre industry are pursuing global strategy to improve their competitiveness in global markets. There section mostly undertakes an impression of the Indian tyre industry through an overview of the Indian examination of its expansion trends with respect to manufacture exports and acquisition of technical capability. EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY Phase Period Characteristics Policy Regime 1 1920-35 Negative domestic production. Demand met in the course of imports. Key company included Dunlop, Firestone Goodyear. moderate import 2 1936-60 Home production begins by erstwhile trade companies: Dunlop, Firestone, and Goodyear with India Tyre Rubber Company. Burden of traiff also non traiff barrier on import. 3 1961-74 Indian companies-MRF, most important Incheck- enter modern quarter with foreign technology; license of bonus production capacity. Regulation on capacity expansion and repatriation of profits of distant companies; enforcement of export obligation on MNC; protection from external competition 4 1975 -1991 Entry of large Indian business houses like Singhania Modi technical collaborations with MNCs, introduction of radial tyres, vertical integration and exponential growth in tyre production exports Delicensing of production, placing of imports under OGL with tariff non-tariff barriers 5 1992 onwards Outside trade liberalization decrease in trade in duty; re-entry of MNCs also separately or in teamwork with Indian capital. Progressive reduction in introduce duty; liberalized imports Cars Radial Tyre Bias Tyre Two Wheeler Motor Bike Front Motor Bike Rear Scooter Front Scooter Rear Truck, Buses Farm Service Tractor Rear Tractor Front Fork Industrial Light Commercial Vehicle Radial Tyre Bias Tyre Heavy commercial vehicles insufficient public transport system, especially in the semi-urban and rural area better availability of inexpensive consumer finance in the past 3-4 years; Increase availability of fuel-efficient and low-maintenance models. rising urbanization, which creates a need for personal transportation; change in the demographic profile; climate and road constructions stable increase in per capita earnings over the history five years; and Increasing figure of model with changed kind to satisfy various customers wants. Price: Price, in many cases, is probable to be the most primary determinant of demand since its frequently the initial thing that people think about when decide how much of an item to buy. The vast popular of goods and services obey what economists call the law of demand- that, everyone else being equal, the amount demanded of an thing decrease when the price increase and vice versa. (There are some exceptions to this rule, but they are few and far between) Income targeted people: Different companies target their target customer group according to their income group and thus the total demand is determine according to income group. In tyre product demand derived from the automobile products. So highest demand growth in two wheeler segment compare another segmement. Promotional Scheme Different companies provide different promotional scheme to push-up their sales and attract the customer. In case of some special schemes like the 0% interest and low down payment scheme. Sales of increased by up to 70% of total sales. Sales pattern throughout the year There was consent at the opinion that there is a slump in June, July and August and also during the second half of December. At the time of festivals, especially Dusshera and Diwali or at the time of the marriage season the sales are high. The reason given for slump were In summers, people generally go for summer tours and spend a lot of money so they postpone their purchases. Because of religious reasons (Shraddh) in the month of August. People dont prefer to purchase vehicles during the rainy season. Demographics: It is clear that high population of India has been one of the key reasons for vast volume of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be expanding demand include increasing population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and return car. Also, increase in people with lesser dependence on fixed only family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Price of Fuel Movement in oil prices also have an contact on demand for huge car in India. During period of high fuel cost as skilled in 2007 and first -half of 2008, demand for huge car decline in favour of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicle. The change patterns in customer preference for smaller more fuel capable vehicle led to the launch of Tata Motors Nano one of worlds smallest and cheapest. NAME OF COMPANY MARKET SHARE MRF TYRES 22% APOLLO TYRE 21.7% J K TYRE 20% CEAT 13% KESORAM INDUSTRIES 6% DUNLOP 3% FALCON 2% TCIL 1.5% MODI RUBBER 12.4 GOOD YEAR 7% Remaining 5 % of share by other player. MADRAS RUBBER FACTORY Popularly known as MRF, is a major tyre manufacturing company situated in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and India. MRF makes all types of tyres from auto to sedan, prejudice to radial and tubes and conveyor belts. It is Indias main tyre manufacturing company and among the dozen major worldwide. It exports to more than 65 countries. MRF is the sister related of the leading malayalam daily Malayala Manorama.The creator of the MRF, Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappilai was the brother of late Mr.K.M.Mathew, ex-chief editor of Malayala Manorama. MRF become the opening Indian company to export tyres to USA the very home of tyre technology. Sales crossed INR two billion. MRF tyres were the first tyres selected for fitment on the Maruti Suzuki 800 Indias first small, modern car. Apollo Tyre Apollo Tyres Ltd is the worlds 15th biggest tyre producer with annual consolidate income of Rs 121.5 billion (US$ 2.5 billion) in 2011. It was found in 1976. Its first plant was specially made in Perambra, Kerala. In 2006 the corporation acquired Dunlop Tyres International of South Africa. The company now has four manufacturing unit in India, two in South Africa, two in Zimbabwe and 1 in Netherlands. It has a system of over 4,000 dealerships in India, of which over 2,500 are select outlets. In South Africa, it has over 900 dealerships, of which 190 are Dunlop Accredited Dealers. It gets 59% of its income from India, 28% from Europe and 13% from Africa. It is planning to become the 10th biggest tyre manufacturer in the global with annual revenues of $6 billion by 2016. Ceat Tyre On top of the road since 1958, CEAT has run up to be one of the best tyre manufacturers in the industry. CEAT not only make trailblazing tyres, but also marketplace tubes and flaps. And thats not all. At CEAT represent our selling tough yet even secure yet set to look at the undaunted. CEAT are young and revving to go; with an old age that come with years of market turnout More than 3500 Cr yearly return and signal list of customers and OEMs, a diversity of award and license are info so as to could talk for Company but CEAT rather burn the road with our show. CEAT think that tyres are not just accessories they are the force that moves your aspirations. in means of us you get to choose from a broad variety of tyres that costume your wants and vehicle kind (Not to mention, radials are racers in the global market might is one of the mainly significant quality of goods which complement solid foundation as a part of RPG enterprise Company commitment to quality ensures that you have a safe ride, always. So go on, defy destiny. J.K Tyre J.K. Tyre has been at the forefront of the radial revolution in India. Since inception, J.K Tyre has been frequently release high excellence technology products, which have withstand the examination of time. It is our beliefs to incessantly expect and appreciate the customer needs convert them into presentation principles for our goods and military and meet these standards every time. The Goodyear Tire Rubber Company Goodyears attendance in India is over 89 years old, with two plants, one each in Ballabgarh and Aurangabad. In the passenger car section Goodyear India provisions tyres to a lot of of the chief Original tools Manufacturers. Goodyear India has also been a lead the way in introduces tubeless radial tyres in this section. In the ranch segment in India, Goodyear tyres are supplied to all the main tractor companies. In 2010/11, Goodyear India was awarded the Super brand status. Industry has one of the largest distribution networks in India. It has divided the Indian sub continent into various regions and has set up a Regional Office for each region. By individual company. Clearing and forwarding agents (CFAs) are attached to them. Often the larger regions have 2 or3 or more CFAs to cover the region properly. The total number of CFAs across the country is 1102. Factory DDC RDC CFA DEALER Industry has three level distribution structures. The factory supplies goods to the RDCs (Regional Distribution Centres) and from these RDCs the goods are transferred to CFAs (Carrying and Forwarding Agents.) Which act as godowns for distribution to the dealers there is only one DDC RDCs are the mother godowns for storage of goods. The tyres, tubes and flaps are transported to these from factories. The set is formed at RDCs and strapped. The tube is inflated before transportation to RDCs. The Dispatch challans are issued to the transporters. In some cases, the RDCs are required to supply the goods directly to the dealers and invoice them in the required format. Ceat has recently shifted from the DDC structure wherein it had 7 DDCs to the RDC structure, however this structure is proving inefficient from the operating cost point of view. The inventory cost has shot up and availability has suffered. The amount of safety stock in the system has also gone up. Hence Ceat is about to shift back to the DDC structure over a one year period. CFAs are the smaller godowns which pull the goods from the RDCs. They transfer the goods to the dealers and an invoice needs to be generated. The CFAs pull the goods from RDCs according to demand. These CFAs distribute the goods to th e dealers Tubes and flaps sourcing units Tyre sourcing unit Factory RDC RDC CFA CFA CFA CFA DEALER DEALER DEALER Key Issues of Industry High tax usage The high tax content on tyres can be gauged from the fact that the proportion of total tax to the tax disqualified price for various category of tyres is 44% for Truck Tyre; 41% for Passenger Car Radial Tyre, 35% for Tractor Rear Tyre and 76% for Truck Tyre Tube. Radialization in the Commercial Vehicle Segment Indian Tyre Industry hitherto is predominantly a cross ply/bias tyre manufacturing industry, particularly in the commercial vehicle segment (truck, bus, LCV) whereas in the developed countries Radialization level is much higher. In comparison to normal (Bias) tyres, Radial tyres offer higher life/mileage, lower fuel consumption, improved safety and ride quality and several other benefits. However, the initial cost of a radial tyre is approx. 25% higher though on a cost per kilometre (CPK) basis, radial tyre gives higher benefits Embossing of Maximum Price (MRP) on Truck/Bus Tyres In February, 1988, as per a directive of the Ministry of Industry, Embossing of MRP on truck and bus tyres was started. This was based on the recommendations of the Committee on Tyre Industry (1984, known as Satyapal Committee). In the last over 15 years, the economic scenario has undergone a sea change with liberalization, removal Major raw-materials of tyre industry (Natural Rubber and of controls and free global trade in most items. Tyre Industry is also delicensed. Petroleum based materials) undergo wide fluctuations in prices. In such a dynamic scenario, it is a not practical to emboss the price on tyres due to market dynamics Used Tyre Developed and industrialized countries are facing a monumental problem in disposal of used tyres. Hence, developing and high tyre consumption countries like India are being looked upon as a dumping ground for used tyres several countries have banned or imposed severe restriction on price. (For assessment of Customs Duty) in 1997. Till recently, floor price mechanism was effective in restricting imports. Import of used tyres. In India, Government introduced .floor However; of late the volume of used tyre imports (in circumvention) of the floor price has increased significantly. Automotive Industry Standards (Ais) All large tyre companies had voluntarily taken BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) certification. In addition, Government has proposed Automotive Industry Standards AIS) which are essentially. Safety standards. And applicable to tyre industry also. Government support for promoting Made in India. Brand for Tyres Indian tyre industry is facing intense competition from China and other South East Asian countries in tyre exports to other Though the quality of Indian tyres is better and has wider acceptance, due to cheaper pricing, higher volumes and aided by Government support and subsidies, Chinese tyres are cutting into the share of Indian tyre exports. There is a need to promote India Brand for tyres as one which spells quality and higher standards. Countries There are a need to promote India Brand for tyres as one which spells quality and higher standards. Trends of Industry Emergence of tubeless tyre market There is no tube in a tubeless tyre. The tyre and the rim of the helm form a sealed box to seal the air as the tubeless tyre has an inner lining of resistant halo butyl. The valve is straight mounted on the rim. If a tubeless tyre gets puncture air escape only during the hole created by the nail, thus charitable substantial time between a stab and a flat tyre. Players focusing on radial tyres By means of only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact by means of the ground. To put in extra stiffness, the entire tire is bordered by extra belts so as to be orient closer to the way of travel, other than typically at some spiral angle. These belts can be made of steel (therefore the term steel-belted radial), Polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron and Kevlar. In this way, squat radial tires break up the tire carcass into two separate systems: The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort. The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, connote far above the ground mileage and performance. Every system can then be individually optimized for best performance Re-treading of tyres One more area of worry for the tyre manufacturers are the rising retreading, where the worn out trample of the aged tyre is replace with a new tread. Retreading expenses regarding 20% of a novel tyre and is so accomplishment hold of popularity, mostly in Southern part of the country. Elgi Tyres and Tread Ltd are the two major ret readers in India. Meaning of such retreaters can be gauged by the detail that about 85% of the tyre demand is for replacement. The PEST analysis is a helpful tool for sympathetic marketplace growth or decline, and as such the spot potential and route for a business. PEST is an acronym for following Economic, Social and Technological factors. Tyre industry in India is growing strongly and their manufacture rising from every year. In 2012 there were 40 tyre manufacturing companies working in India which be consisted of key life-size brands in tyre industry such as Good year, MRF, Falcon Tires and Bridge stones etc. tell pest analysis on this market to check at what extent political, economical, technical and social factors are moving this tyre industry in India. Political Factors Were supporting Indian tire industry as Indian Government especially reduces its taxes on basic inputs to endorse the industry. Tax and duties on the import and export of tires were set less so that cheaper tires and material could be imported and good quality tires can be exported. Tire made in India were mostly exported to other budding countries such as Latin America, South-East Asia, Middle East and the Africa. The economy of was promising and the total construction of vehicles more than double between 2000 and 2012 so it had a good quality potential for the industry. Basically in 1926, the first tire was made by a British company Dunlop, and followers of Dunlop were other three foreign companies: The Americans Firestone, Good Year and Italian Ceat, but latter on Indian Social Factors Presently, small families are demanding for 2/4 wheelers for individuals. The sales of tyres have gained more in past decade. From upper class families with more than 1 car per family observed to be increasing demand of tyres exponentially, mainly in cities where Woking couples find difficult to maintain them without more than 1 car. As we know that Indian middle class families are known for its savings frenzy has now been slowly warming up to an idea of EMI and buying on credit. Due to these factors, there is an enormous demand in passenger cars. Technological Factor Technology creation in the Indian tyre industry is in effect geared to expansion research, connecting the adjust of tread design, back up material etc. on the whole of the key players do not employ in basic explore due to the elevated expenses involved. The base of information for the home firm has been during reverse engineering, combined ventures and collaboration. The stress given by Indian tyre companies to applied research and the setting up of well-equipped in-house RD centre by the companies, which are manned by in technology up stage Indian tyre technology has exhibit flexibility in maintain inflow of technology in the course of foreign collaboration and couture the same to Indian wants RD is basically trade or market driven. But basic inputs suppliers could also help in conceive new projects. Mix growth and in-process trouble have be the main shove of in-house RD in the Indian tyre industry. The Indian Tyre industry is likely to show a healthy escalation rate of 9-10% over the next five years, according to a study by Credit Analysis and Research Limited While the truck and bus tyres are set to index a compounded yearly growth rate (CAGR) of 8%, the beam business vehicles (LCV) part is normal to explain a CAGR of with reference to 14 %. Though we have to also take account of the outcome of the global depression on top of the sector in construction these assessments. The enlargement of the division is powerfully linked to the expansion plans of the automobile companies; the governments thrust on development of road infrastructure and the sourcing of auto parts by the global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Some major hurdles en route for attaining these projected development rates could be basic inputs connected price uncertainty rupee joy and the hostile threat of cheap Chinese imports. The Indian tyre companies need to make lively attention to detail to discover newer market as the alive market for bus-truck tyres, which account for about 45 % of the total export volume, is nearing saturation. To hand is also a critical must to increase the degree of Radialization in order to protect their share in the export market. Worldwide tyre manufacturers have been making stable efforts to innovate and offer a diverse range of products such as tyres with pressure alert systems, jog flat tyres, natural tyres and force able tyres. In this context, the Indian home companies have to follow a enlargement strategy of hysterically novelty and rising importance on produce separation. The Industry Growing At 8 To 9% by the (YOY). Their Market Leaders Adopted a Latest Technology in Manufacturing of Tyre Proudcts.and government also step taken reduced import and encourage domestic player and small scale industry to take part in growth story. Basis of Elecon is providing best quality to customers. Due to constant start work on quality, better concentration on the material usage and proper prices the Elecon could improve its performance. As per my knowledge tyre industry running successfully in india.industry demand is mostly base on automobile products. The major factors moving the demand for tyres include the level of developed activity, availability and cost of praise transport volumes. the new boom in the tyre industry due to skill and technology sector has coupled continuous thrust of government on infrastructure projects is expected to sustain healthy growth of commodities insist roughly all company have announce extensive boost in capability which effect in to boost in earnings of industry In the increase in the tax rates, transportation charges, railway freight, road constrictions patterns ,increase basic input prices (rubber) is worry for the industry.

Catering Industry | Marketing Essay

Catering Industry | Marketing Essay Catering Industry is a very wide industry, it has been categorised in different food outlets which are based on the nature of the demand, availability of place, availability of raw material and size of the organization. The catering industry has got different natures of outlets and catering can be organized at customers place. The following are some of the catering establishments: 1.1. Restaurant: The major known food outlet is a restaurant. A restaurant can be a part of the hotel or can be stand alone. A restaurant is an establishment that serves the customers with prepared food and beverages to order, to be consumed on the premises. The term restaurant includes a diversity of different venues and a diversity of styles of cuisines. Different Restaurants have got their own quality or nature of work. A restaurant can be a speciality restaurant or multi-cuisine, Fast food or may have got other nature. Typically a hotel, where the food items are provided for the convenience of the residents and for the hotel to maximize their potential revenue, such restaurants are often open to non-residents also (Lundburg D.E.1985). 1.2. Transport Catering: Transport Catering is the second widest class if catering. After restaurants, Transport catering is the catering which caters for most of the customers. Transport catering includes an airline catering, Railway catering, Ship catering etc. Serving the food and beverages to passengers, before, during and after a journey on trains, aircraft and ships and in buses or private vehicles is called as transport catering. Different transport caterings have got different nature. Sometimes transport catering services are to be offered to the general public who lives near to the surrounding of the service provider. The major forms of modern day transport catering are airline-catering, railways catering, ship catering and surface catering in coaches or buses which operate on long distance routes (Lawson F., 1994). 1.2.1. Airline Catering: Airline catering is the most expensive and important catering segment. Airline catering includes to provide food and beverages to the customer who are travelling by aircraft and restaurants situated in the airport area. In new era latest airports have a variety of food and beverage outlets to cater to the increasing number of air passengers. Catering to passengers en route is normally contracted out to a flight catering unit of a reputed hotel or to a catering contractor or to the catering unit operated by the airline itself as an independent entity (Jones P., 1995). 1.2.2. Railway Catering: Another segment of the transport catering is railway catering. It is basically includes; catering to railway passengers at the time of running journey as well as during halts at different railway stations is called railway catering. Long journey, especially travelling by train for long distances is sometimes exhausting; consequently a regular supply of variety of different refreshment (Food and Beverages) choices facilitates to make the journey less monotonous. On-board meal services are also provided on long distance trains (Kocher E M., 1960). 1.2.3. Ship Catering: This is once again another segment of the transport catering. Catering to the cargo crew and ship passengers is called Ship Catering. It includes providing the excellent services to both the internal customers and external customers. All the royal ships have kitchens and different kind of the restaurants on board these restaurants serves both A la Carte and Table Dhà ´te menus. The quality of service and facilities offered depends on the class of the ship and the price the passengers are willing to pay. There are cruises to suit every pocket. They range from room service and cocktail bars to speciality dining restaurants (International Labour Office, 1946). 1.3. Surface Catering: Surface Catering is stated to the catering outlets; which caters to passengers travelling by surface transport such as buses and private vehicles. This kind of the organizations are generally situated near to the bus terminals or may be near to the highways. There are different criteria for the entrepreneurship for these organizations, these establishments are owned by government or could be owned by the private owners. There is positive growth has been noticed in a survey by the United Kingdom government for this kind of the organizations. Of late there has been a growing popularity of Punjabi style eateries called dhabas on the highways (Banerjee S.C., 2000). 2. Types of Catering: Catering Industry is one of the major industries worldwide. The catering industry has segmented in to different- different diminutive sub industries but there are two major types of catering On premises and Off premises catering. These two types of caterings can be stated as large scale and small scale catering. On-premise catering for any function includes banquet, reception, or event that is held on the premise of the organization or provision that is organize or supporting the function. On-premise catering is totally different from off-premise catering, in the off premise catering; function takes place in a secluded location, such as a customers home, in the garden, in any event , or may be in the parking area, and the staff, food, and decor must be transported to the secluded location. In the off premise catering most of the times food is prepared in the central kitchen or may be in the main kitchen and after preparation this food is delivers to the different outlets that is clients location. Part or all of the production of food may be executed or finished at the location of the event (Buttle F., 1996). There are different statements about the categorizations of the catering industry. Catering can also be divided in other segments as public catering and corporate / business catering. Social or public catering includes such events as weddings, bar and get together, high school meeting, birthday parties, and charity events or may be sports related events. Business catering includes such events as association conventions and meetings, civic or community meetings, corporate sales or stockholder meetings, recognition banquets, new product commencing, training camps may be educational or work, provider and consumer meeting, service awards banquets, and entertaining in hospitality collection (Buttle F., 1996). 2.1. On-Premise Catering: As On premise catering is the most important catering because, basically in the On premise catering all the arrangement of the services and function done by the organizations itself. For example, a caterer within a food and beverage organization will prepare and cater all of the needs of the customer without taking any food or services out of the competence of the organization. In United Kingdom there are many catering organizations have particular rooms on-premise to give the services to the private-party function. A big catering organization could have a layout specially designed and separated in more than one dining room and attached to a centralized industrial food production kitchen. These different dining rooms may be available at the same time to maintain the operations in the outlet and for stipulation and brim over seating. In addition, these dinning rooms can be used and rented for the private party such as wedding, get together or birthday party celebration and may require their own specialized service and menu options. Other examples of on-premise catering include hospital catering, school, college catering (Shock P. J. et al. 2001). 2.2. Off Premises Catering: Off Premise catering is the segment of the catering; in which service is provided to the customer outside of the organization which may be away from the base catering unit. There is one instance of a food production facility which is a self-supporting commissary kitchen unit used exclusively for the preparation of meal which is to be delivered at other places. Other examples of production facilities include, but are not limited to, hotel, restaurant, and club kitchens. In most cases there is no existing kitchen facility at the location where the food is served. Caterers provide single-event foodservice, but not all caterers are created equal. Off Premise Catering is basically separated as three different categories: Party Food Caterers: Party Food caterers basically supply the food and drink items for a particular event. Party food caterers believe in the last minute preparation, they leave semi cooked food and leave any last-minute preparation, plus service and cleanup, to others. Hot Buffet Caterers: It is basically called as distance cooking in which hot buffet caterers provide hot foods to the pre arranged function, that are delivered from their commissaries in insulated containers. Hot Buffet Caterers sometimes send their contracted staff for serving the food and take the extra charges from the contractor. Full-Service Caterers: Full service caterers believe in both of the menus, A la Carte and Table Dhà ´te menu. They also arrange contracted staff for serving food at the event, and all the necessary catering concern utensils and equipments which are chinaware, different glasses for different uses, crockery, cutleries, tables and seating, tents, and so on. They can arrange for other services, like interior and music, as well. In brief, a full-service caterer can plan and execute an entire event, not just the food for it. (Shock P. J. et al. 2001). There are some other sub-divisions of catering industry which are as follows: 2.3. Outdoor Catering: Outdoor catering is the division of the catering industry. Basically outdoor catering comprises the stipulation of food and beverages away from home and indoor catering establishments. Venue for the outdoor catering may be different as per the customers choice. In new era most of the 5 star hotels, restaurants and different catering organizations trying to fulfil this growing demand. There are choices in the menu and set up for the event could be different depend on the customers willing to spend money. Outdoor catering includes catering for functions such as weddings; get together parties, birthday parties and conventions. 2.4. Retail Store Catering: In the United Kingdom market some big retail stores, are facilitating the additional facilities apart of their primary business. These stores keep the facility of dinning. Basically retail store catering develops when large departmental stores wants to facilitate their customers by provide food and beverages in the stores. These stores treat their customers as a part of their retailing perception. It is not convenient for the customers to take a break from shopping, to have some food and drinks at a different location and it can consume customers valuable time as well. Thus provoke the need for some sort of a dining facility in the retail store itself. This style of catering is becoming more popular and varied nowadays (Nystrom P H., 2009). 2.5. Club Catering: Club Catering is basically to facilitates the club members in terms of Food and Beverage. This type of catering includes a limited numbers of the consumers basically who are a part of the club. Here are some instances of clubs for people with similar interests are turf clubs, golf clubs, cricket clubs etc. In these kinds of clubs; quality of the food and beverages tend to be high and the services provides is good standard. With in the high quality of environment prices of the menu keep really low as compared to the big catering organizations. Night clubs are generally located in big cities that have a high class population. They offer entertainment with good food and expensive drinks (Loader G., 1974). 2.6. Welfare Catering: The Welfare Catering is basically the service of the food and beverages to the peoples as the communal responsibility determined by the acknowledge authority. This grew out of the welfare state concept, prevalent in western countries. The Welfare Catering includes providing food and beverages in the hospitals, Government schools, colleges, the armed forces and prisons (Loader G., 1974). 2.7. Industrial Catering: The Industrial Catering is the provision of service of food and beverages to the people who are working in industries and factories at highly subsidised rates. The criteria of service of industrial catering is quiet different depends on the nature of the organization. It is based on the assumption that better fed employees at concessional rates are happy and more productive. In the organizations where number of employees is really high may be undertaken by the management itself, or a contract can be established with the professional caterers. Depending on the choice of the menu suggested by the management, catering contractors undertake to feed the workforce for a fixed period of time at a predetermined price (Coates D.S., 1971). 2.8. Leisure-Linked Catering: This type of catering refers to the provision of food and beverages to people engaged in rest and recreation activities. Basically this type of catering includes the selling of food and beverages, refreshments through different cut outs and stands at theme parks, big exhibitions, photo galleries or entertainment places such as live theatres and cinema halls and so on. As the leisure and tourism spreading widely, the increase in the availability of leisure time and big payouts by employers for leisure activities has made it a very profitable form of catering (Heyward P., 2002). 3. Menu: For the Catering Industry a menu is the list of dishes which are ready for service or available food or beverage items for the customers to select from. The food items which are available for the customers to choose from are divided in to different categories. This depends on the time of meal taken or the particular event. The assemblage of a menu is the most important part of a caterers work. Menu Planning considered as an art which can be obtained by the time spending, experience and study. The menu is a link between the customer and the catering organization. A menu for an organization should be carefully considered and then planned by the establishments professionals, namely the food and beverage manager, the executive chef, and the food and beverage controller (Cousins J., 2002). The word menu came in consideration dates back to 1718, but the provision of planning and developing such a food and beverages list is much older. In the early times, the escriteau (bill of fare) or menu of traditional meals was displayed on one of the wall with the instruction for the kitchen staff to follow the order in which dishes to be served. In the old era it is said that, menus were maintained as a big glossary with different sections covering a diversity of dishes. As time passed the lengthy single copy menu became smaller but increased in number allowing a number of copies placed in table increased. Depending on the establishment and the occasion, the menu may be plain or artistic in its presentation (Davis B et al., 1998). 3.1 Types of Menu: In a restaurant, there are two different types of menus which are differentiated by the manner in which they are served and priced. A menu may be a la carte or table dhà ´te. 3.1.1. A La Carte Menu: An A La Carte Menu, is a multiple choice menu, with each dish priced separately. If a guest wishes to place an order, an a la carte is offered, from which one can choose the items one wants to eat. Traditionally, the original menus that offered consumers choices were prepared on a small chalkboard, a la carte in French; so foods chosen from a bill of fare are described as à   la carte, according to the board. In an a la carte menu all items are cooked to order including the sauces that are made with wine, cream or mustard. Depending on the dish chosen by the guest, the cooking time will vary. It is necessary to inform the guests about the time the preparation might take. An extensive a la carte menu is impressive but involves a huge amount of mise-en-place. 3.1.2. Table Dhà ´te Table dhà ´te is a French phrase which literally means hosts table. It is used to indicate a fixed menu where multi-course meals with limited choices are charged at a fixed price. Such a menu may also be called prix fixe (fixed price). It usually includes three or five courses meal available at a fixed price. It is also referred to as a fixed menu. Because the menu is set, the cutlery on the table may also already be set for all of the courses, with the first course cutlery on the outside, working in towards the plate as the courses progress. In olden days, when the inns or dining establishments offering a limited choice in the menu was not preferred by the guests, they started offering an a la carte menu for guests to select the type of food they wanted to eat. Fixed menus or table dhote menus are still used in various forms such as buffet menus, conference packages and on special occasions. A table dhote menu comprises a complete meal at a predetermined price. It is sometimes prin ted on a menu card or as in the case of banquets, it is agreed upon by the host of the party. A banquet style of fixed menu has more elaborate choices ranging from the soup to the dessert. For the banquets, the hosts invariably fix or select the menu in consultation with the hotel staff in advance. Most of the banquet food served in India is normally of Indian food. For this, a printed format offering a choice of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes is prepared, from which the guests make their choice. Western style fixed menus normally provide the choice of a starter or soup, a main course, and finally a dessert. In each course there could be a choice of dishes to suit the tastes of individual guests. Table dhote menus should be well planned and balanced. As the guest is not given a chance to plan his own meal, the meal should be interesting, without any similarity in the colour and taste of the courses as well as being palatable, delicious and well presented. If the main course is heavy, then the first course should be lighter, and act as an appetite stimulant for the courses to follow. Dishes that are heavy and hard to digest should be avoided. The colour, varieties of ingredients used, and the garnishes should, if possible, be different for each course. Fixed menus are prevalent in transport catering which include air, rail, and sea passengers. The guests have a variety of fixed or table dhote menus, with virtually no choice offered to the passengers (except the first class air passengers). Cruise liners may have elaborate fixed menus with multiple choices built into each course. 4. Menu Formats: Menus are also presented in different formats. Menus are not always printed on heavy paper and handed to the customer. Another popular format is the tabletop menu. This type of menu is oftentimes referred to as a table-top display or a table tent. It is used primarily to promote your money makers. The problem seems to be that guests dont usually read them. Or, if they do, they usually read them after they have given their orders to the server (John A. Drysdale, 1997) There is also the menu board or chalkboard. Think of this as a tabletop menu on steroids. A menu board is necessary if you operate a quick service facility and may also be required if you have a separate take-out area in your full-service restaurant. The chalkboard is popular in restaurants that wish to convey a European image. Like the typical table tent, though, guests usually dont read them completely until after they put in their orders. Some restaurants offer verbal menus. Many properties have their servers recite the food specials of the day at tableside. We prefer a printed menu insert instead of the time-consuming speech. Guests are usually chatting away and arent always eager to sit still long enough to hear the full spiel. Restaurants that offer interactive menus allow guests to mix and match their orders. For instance, in some Italian restaurants guests can select the type of pasta they want, the type of sauce, and so on (Lewis, 2002). You also might see this with some bingo catering menus. These menus have several lists of food and beverage items. Eventually he or she ends up with a personalized menu for the event. Some restaurants use wireless technology (WIFI) to display their wine lists. Sometimes a computer terminal is installed at each table. Or the floor manager brings a laptop to the table. Guests can interact, for example, by entering their desired entrees into the system and waiting for the computer to make wine suggestions. Another format is the chefs menu. This is the one you spring on people who dont want to see a menu (Lewis, 2002). They say, Let the chef order for me. There are three ways to go: You can ask the customer to give you some advance notice about what he or she wants, and then have those things ready upon arrival; you let the guest decide, or you can select items from your current menu(s). A third alternative is for you to put something unique together, something that doesnt appear on the regular menu(s). A potential downside of options 1 and 3 is you have to price them quickly; you need to know your numbers, as the bookkeeper may not be around. And you would need to know if you have enough food items and the right wines to pair with them, or if you have to make a special run to the vendor in order to get what you need Jack (Lewis, 2002). 5. Menu Planning: Menu is the statement of food and beverage items available or provided by food establishments primarily based on consumer demand and designed to achieve organizational objectives. It represents the focal point around which components of food service systems are based. The menu is designed carefully what the outlet wants to cater for, keeping in mind the type of clientele. The main advantage of a well-planned menu is that it leads to consumer satisfaction. It also helps to motivate the employees for a responsible and successful service. A successful menu depends upon composition-the right combination of foods, prepared perfectly, to the entire satisfaction of the customer. So claimed Antonin Careme (1784-1833), the French chef who is considered the founder of classical cuisine. Menu is a document that controls and directs an outlets operations and is considered the prime selling instrument of the restaurant (Johns P., 1988). Menu planning is the back bone of the catering industry. Menu planning gives the basic idea of the activities which are to be done for operation in any catering premises. This operation in the establishment means front office operation and back office operation. Menu planning in an organization depends on so many different factors which results different activities in the organization. Menu planning starts with the nature of the organization means it may be a restaurant or out door catering. So the nature of the work decides the clientele in the organization, their choices availability of the food raw material (Lockwood A., 1994). 5.1. Points to be considered while planning the menu: When planning the food and beverage for any event, its important for event planners to consider several not-so-obvious catering menu planning items to help ensure a successful program. Consider the following when planning your menu: 5.1.1. Knowledge of the Guest Profile: A menu planning Manager / Executive must have good knowledge about the Guest profile of the organization. What is the profile of the guests being invited to the event? For example, most business people attend many events throughout the year, and the phrase rubber chicken circuit is common among political, business and fundraising circles (and others). To prevent your event from having this description, consider the following: The professional level of your guest. The frequency your guest attends similar events. The location where guests reside. The ethnic background of your guests. 5.1.2. Knowledge of the Guests preference: For good menu planning and good customer service it is really important to understand the profile of the guest, this allows the event planner to begin considering what menu options to offer. These are some of the points which can help an event manager to serve the best food and service to the guest. Points are as follows: Old age people dont like more spicy food so it is really good to serve them mild spicy food. Attendees concerned about health may prefer more seafood and vegetables options. Younger or middle-aged guests may prefer spicier, more adventurous meals. The idea here is to consider what your guests will enjoy the most based on the type of event you are planning. 5.1.3. Provide Menu Choices: Anyone planning an event should offer several choices so that all guests will be pleased with whats available. Some general guidelines: Offer at least two choices of entrees (three is better). Offer three or more salad dressing options. Serve all condiments on the side. Offer two dessert options: one very indulgent, one healthy. 5.1.4. Incorporate Seasonal and Fresh Items: When selecting the menu, the time of year should play a large factor in determining food and beverage. Take into consideration which items are in season for spring or winter menus. Another important factor is to consider the region or location of the event and popular food items from the area. Incorporate fresh seafood or regionally grown produce. 5.1.5. Select a Menu that Fits the Event Schedule Sometimes the clock will be the greatest guide to determining Table dhote menu for an event. Some examples: Box lunches are best if you have 30 minutes or on the go. Plated meals usually requires at least 1.5 hours. Buffets may be finished in about 1 hour. Cocktail receptions require a minimum of 1 hour before dinner. Working breakfasts or lunches should incorporate menu items that can hold up for longer periods of time than others. 5.1.6. Anticipate Special Needs Before any event, it is critical for an event planner to find out if any of the guests have a special need so that the catering manager can address those needs prior to the event. Considerations include: Food allergies Religious requirements Dietary restrictions 5.1.7. Allow for a Comfortable Room Setup Choose the appropriate room layout that supports your event objectives. If youre serving a meal, the tables will be filled with used dishes and glassware, in addition to binders, notepads and pens. Thats why its important to choose the best room setup, and allow space for people to move. Examples: Boardroom setup should be for a maximum of 15 guests. U-shape and rectangle table layout to promote discussion. Class room style is great for a presentation. Banquet style promotes small group discussions. Regardless of the setup, allow for people to spread out. Tip: Setup for 8 in a 10 person banquet table. 5.1.8. Create Ethnic or Regional Menus Im a huge fan of planning events that have ethnic-specific themes. This allows an event planner and the executive chef to work together to bring region-specific and international foods into your event, and this will definitely please guests. Common ethnic catering includes the following: Asian/Chinese/Japanese French German Greek Italian Mexican Middle Eastern 5.1.9. Consider the Final Presentation of Food and Beverage We eat with our eyes and our nose before tasting it. Whether its served plated or buffet, a catered meal should visually colorful and fragrant. Therefore, the presentation of food should make your guests want to eat it. This means linens and decorations that complement the theme of the meal. If it doesnt look good and smell good, your guests will not be happy. Importance of menu planning: Good planning can make a huge difference! The menu influences almost every aspect of the food service operation, from what foods are purchased and how they are prepared, to whether or not meals are popular with the children (Lillicrap D. Et al. 2006). When planning the food and beverage for any event, its important for event planners to consider several not-so-obvious catering menu planning items to help ensure a successful program. Menu planning is basically includes the preferences of guests and the preferences of the owner as well like what the owner can spend and what kind of margin he is looking for. According to Dennis L. 1999, we can include some of the points during the Menu Planning consideration: Know the Guest profile Know the guests preferences Provide Menu choice Incorporate seasonal and fresh items Select a menu that fits the event schedule Anticipates special needs Allow for a comfortable room setup Create Ethnic or Regional menu Consider the final presentation of food and beverage Principles of menu planning: Basic Principles Cold and warm dishes are listed separately. Appetizers, soups, seafood and main courses are listed in separate groups. In every group the lighter dishes are listed before the richer ones. Salads should be highlighted. If offered, low-calorie foods should be specially indicated, and the number of calories should be stated. If foods are prepared with organically grown ingredients, this fact should be highlighted to the discriminating customer. Every dish should be described clearly and simply, in an appetizing way, without being too flowery. House specialties and seasonal items should correspond to the season and should change accordingly. Use a clip-on menu or special insert to attract attention to them. The dessert selection should be listed on a separate attractive card. The menu should inform the guests that such a card is available. The numbering of menu items can save time and confusion, especially with many of the new computerized cash registers. Numbering, however, discourages communication between guests and the service staff and thus does not help promote sales. For an easy compromise, place one numbered menu at the register or where orders are relayed to the kitchen so that one can punch in the guests order by number; the guest, however, orders the actual foods with words, not numbers. According to Larry, 1999 the five basic menu planning principles are: 1. Strive for balance. 2. Emphasize variety. 3. Add contrast. 4. Think about color. 5. Consider eye appeal. In many cases, especially in restaurants, serving haute cuisine, the part or table dhote menu is beautifully handwritten to emphasize the traditional character of the restaurant. In less fancy restaurants, a modern variant that is similar but simpler is often used: the blackboard, on which are written recommendations concerning the days specialties. In general, however, the table dhote or a part menu, which changes daily or cyclically, is prepared in-house (on a typewriter or computer) and duplicated as necessa Aldis International Strategic Management | Analysis Aldis International Strategic Management | Analysis Introduction Consumption plays a vital role in economic activities. In most developed countries, personal or household consumption takes up about 60% in GDPà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ OECD,2008à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °, of which retailing industry is often proven to be the most important industry. Recently, due to the economic growth, employment improvement, and favorable tax policies, retailing industry has the chance to develop in a more comfortable environment. According to statistics from Planet Retail, a Consultancy Organization for Retail Industry, in recent years, world retail industry has made a considerably fast development with a sales increase of 8.4% and 6.7% in 2005 and 2006 respectively(Network,2006à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Although the environment is good for retail industry, the intensity of competitiveness is also stronger ever than before. Many super large retailing corporations, such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour are competing for expanding and dominating both domestic and overseas market by implementing every strateg y. Aldi, as a hard-discount retailer is very small and simple compared to those Wal-Mart or Carrefour regarding its sell items, store occupancy etc. However, Aldi has survived in this competitive retailing market and become one of the reputable retailers which could contend with other large retailing corporations. Therefore, based on Aldi in Australia, this article will analyze the Aldis business strategy and its management which contribute to its great success. Also the article will give an analysis of Aldis capability of competitiveness in terms of its internal and external environment. Brief introduction of Aldi Aldi is an international hard-discount supermarket chain which was established in 1946 by the brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht in Germany, has grown rapidly in the years characterized by low price (Mcloughlin and Aaker, 2010). By the end of 2003, Aldi has developed into one of the biggest retailers in the world with more than 7000 stores around the world and created an estimated annual turnover of 36.2 billion Euros. The first Aldi store opened in Australia in Sydney in January 2001. After making huge profits out of the first store, 72 additional stores were opened in other different areas in 2004. It was predicted that Aldi would run more than 300 stores in Australia by 2010. Business strategy applied in Aldi Strategic management is the ongoing process which enterprises apply to establish their visions and analyze their external environment and internal environment, thus to choose one or more strategies to adopt to create value for customers and benefit other stakeholders (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008). Any corporation should set its overall corporative strategy to define what the organization is doing and where the organization wants to be in the future. Business strategy is one essential part of the companys overall corporate strategy. To be successful in the competitive market, managers must develop and execute an effective business strategy to promote its products in the market and account for a big market share. The business strategy concept implemented by Aldi can be regarded as very simple but effective. Aldis core business concept is to reduce cost in every way. Although both Aldi and Wal-Mart are the successful retailers by adopting cost reduction strategy, Aldi is very diff erent from Wal-Mart with regard to its method of implementation. Aldi is featured with high efficiency of operation and management based on the cost-reduction principle. All Aldis stores in the world are characterized by simple design and decoration thus to minimize the cost. Aldis cost-saving method is reflected through the followings: Compared to Wal-Mart, generally each Aldi store occupies only 750 square meters which can greatly cut down the rent and expenses of water and electricity consumption. Limited number of good-quality products for selling in the stores to save the expenses of shelves. A typical Aldi store only sells about 700 products which is less but able to satisfy the dairy necessities (Pradhan, 2010). The grocery structure saves the logistic cost greatly and enables Aldi the absolute advantages of negotiating to suppliers with respect to the quality control and price. Employee strategy: Aldi usually employs four or five employee for one store compared 15 employees at a standard supermarket. Although Aldi pays more to its employees but it have eventually reduced the employee cost. Simple promotion method: compared to Wal-Mart or Carrefour, Aldi never does advertising or public relations. Aldi holds the view of saving the cost for benefiting the customers because all the expenses related to the PR or marketing are all paid by customers. Another business strategy attached to Aldi is its good-quality assurance. Hard-discount is the most important feature of Aldi stores, but the low price is not based on the sacrifice of products quality. By contraries, Aldi always persist in providing customers with goods with the same quality of other supermarket but a relatively low price. In addition, Aldi has its own brands ranging from cookies to diaper and the quality is controlled very strictly. One of Aldis business strategies is emphasize the cooperation with suppliers and control the quality strictly. When Aldi purchases commodities from suppliers, Aldi puts forward its quality requirements and employ a third inspection organization besides the inspectors of Aldis company to conduct a strict inspection on the commodities. Whenever unqualified commodity is found, Aldi will not consider to cooperate with this supplier. Aldis business strategy is also based on the customers-orientation concept. Aldi focuses the needs of customers and pay much attention to develop customers loyalty. Aldi considers from the perspective of customers and provides customers with practical benefits. Aldi never applies the promotion ways of tying or wholesale which appear to give consumers the favorable benefits but actually ignore the needs of certain consumer groups. In addition, Aldi ensure the price of every commodity is the same despite the stores are located in different or remote places, therefore consumers should never worry the price difference case will happen. Another success secret of Aldi is that Aldi takes a slow step to expand the market. Aldi will open a trial store and analyze the profits before it launch other stores in that area. Meanwhile, Aldi uses decentralization management strategy. For example, Aldi North may sell more products than the Aldi South. The two companies maintain communication quite well, so that they are able to learn from each others managing experiences. Aldis success also can not separate from its strategy of Human Resources. Aldi attaches importance to the exploitation and development of HR. All managers and employees are well-trained about the knowledge of Aldis concepts before getting started in Aldi. Analysis of Aldis competitive environment in Australia Although Aldi expands very fast in Australia during the last years, it also faces challenges and competition from the local retailers in Australia, such as Woolworths and Coles Myer which are considered as the major rivalries in food retail industry. To analyze how Aldi can survive from this intense competition, it is very necessary to discuss both internal and external environment lying in Aldi Corporation. As the food retail industry develops very fast, some other large global retail players will probably enter in Australian market, such as Wal-Mart (US largest retailer) or Tesco (UKs largest retailer) and Lidl (another Germany retailer). Therefore the competition will become more and more intense ever than before as many retailers also prefer to adopt price strategy. Internal analysis of AldiStrengths and weakness For an organizations development in the competitive environment, it is essential for the organization to conduct internal analysis of its organization. A comprehensive internal analysis will provide management with a detailed understanding of the business, how effective its current strategies are and how effectively it has deployed its resources in support of its strategies (Campbell, Stonehouse and Houston, 2002). By executing internal analysis, a company will know their unique resources, capabilities, and competencies. In a word, by studying internal analysis, a company will identify what the can do. In Aldi case, it is oblivious that Aldis biggest strength in combating with other local retailers in Australia is its good-quality and low-price strategy. As mentioned in the previous part, Aldi stores offer customers with good quality commodities at a relatively lower price than in other retail stores. Aldi maintains to manufacture 90% of its commodities tagged with its own brand which are exclusively sold in its stores, which attracts customers. Meanwhile, the quality is ensured in this way. Aldi is a famous brand in Germany ranked as the third best corporate brand, which will accelerate its recognition by customers(RiesenbeckPerrey,2009). Aldi always persists in its management and business principles which seldom have been changed. It can be regarded both good and bad for the development of the organization. As we know the outside environment is changing everyday and peoples thinking is changing, so the Aldi should probably think about change some of the principles to acclimatize itself to the changeable environment in order to get better development. External analysis of Aldi-Threats and Opportunities External analysis is one of the strategic management processes in terms of analyzing the organizations external operating environment. The purpose of external analysis is to examine the strategic opportunities and threats in the organizations operating environment which will affect how it pursue its mission (Hill and Jones, 2009). External environment analysis requires analyzing the overall environment of the industry which the business operates in (is it good or bad for developing in the industry? What is the current macro environment of the industry?). By studying the external environment, firms can identify what are the opportunities and threats for its operation in the market and will know what they might choose to do. The macro environment of retailing industry is very prosperous because the daily consuming commodities are essential in peoples life. In Australia, the situation is the same; peoples consumption of the general stuff for food and household products is increasing as well. Therefore there is great increasing market in terms of retailing sectors, which contributes to a great development chance for all retailers including Aldi. Some prediction shows Aldi will continue to expand more market in Australia with more than 300 stores and capture 10 percent of the Australian packaged grocery dollar market by 2010. Meanwhile, as the development of globalization, Aldi could also have chance to enter into other overseas market such as China or other Asian countries. There is a great potential in these markets. As Aldi is very confident for its expansion plan in Australia, Aldi still faces the coming threats from its local existing rivalries and oncoming large retail competitors. The threat first co mes from the price competition from other local retailers. As the competition between retailers is becoming more and more intense, the local retailers also play price strategy as low-price offers for certain products. Other threat for Aldi comes from the potential entrants of other worlds largest retailers, like mentioned in the above, Wal-Mart, Tesco and Lidl. Once these largest retail players move into Australia, Aldi will have to face combat not only with the domestic retailers but also have to survive from the competition with these largest players. Conclusions In conclusion, Aldi is very successful in the retailing industry and famous for its unique operation styles in terms of its concept of running small-quantity products and cost-saving strategy and hard-discount strategy to attract buyers. Aldi is very wise in its expansion strategy, it never risk to expand to open another store unless it sees the previous store is making profits in that area. The concept of Aldi seems very simple which is centered at the customers and seeking for customers benefits. In this way, Aldi wins a lot of loyal consumers. However, despite these advantages Aldi has, the competition is cruel and Aldi may need to take further actions to combat with its rivalries. Recommendations After making analysis of Aldi case in terms of its business strategies and external and internal environment, two recommendations are made as to Aldis development in Australia: Although Aldi is competitive in some ways, it never changes its business strategy despite the external environment changes. Therefore, in my opinion, Aldi should make some changes regarding its business strategy and management to cope with the changeable market environment. As Aldi made profits from the 72 stores in Australia, Aldi should consider expanding market potential in other Australian states and territories before new rivalries move into Australia.