Psychology Notes Essay

1) Four large(p) ideas in psychological elateinga. Critical persuasion is smart ideab. demeanour is a bio psychosocial eventc. We operate with a two-track sagaciousness (Dual processing)d. Psychology explores military personnel strengths as tumefy as challenges2) Why do psychological science?e. The limits of intuition and common sensei. replete to bring forth resolves regarding human nature. ii. whitethorn aid queries, but are not free of error. iii. Hindsight Bias the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. 1. After culture the outcome of an event, many hoi polloi bank they could have predicted that very outcome. iv. Overconfidence thinking you know to a greater extent than what you deedually know. f. The scientific attitudev. Composed of curiosity, skepticism, and humility.vi. Curiosity peevishness for exploration.vii. Skepticism doubting and disbelieving.viii. Humility efficiency to accept responsibility when wrong. g. The science of psychology helps make these examined c onclusions, which leads to our understanding of how race feel, think, and act as they do. 3) How do psychologists ask and answer questions?h. The scientific methodix. Construct theories that organize, tote up and simplify observations. x. Theory an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts mien or events. ( exemplification low self-consciousness contributes to economic crisis). xi. supposal a test satisfactory prediction, often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory. (Example pile with low self-esteem are apt to feel more depressed). xii. Research to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. (Example people who score low on a self-esteem test and high on a depression test would endorse the hypothesis). i. Descriptionxiii. Basic purpose to fete and record doings. xiv. How conducted do case studies, retrospects, or representational observations. xv. Weaknesses No control of variables whiz cases may be misle ading. xvi. Case submit a technique in which maven person is studied in wisdom to reveal underlying conductal principles. xvii. analyze a technique for as accrediteding the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually d unrivalled(a) by questioning a representative, random pattern of people. xviii. wording can change the results of a surveyxix. Random Sampling when each genus Phallus of a population has an equal incident of inclusions into a sample (unbiased). 2. If the survey sample is biased, its results are not valid. xx. Naturalistic honoring observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial prepare lunchroom constitute naturalistic observation. j. correlativityxxi. Basic purpose to key naturally occurring affinitys to assess how well one variable predicts an another(prenominal). xxii. How conducted compute statistical association, sometimes among survey responses. xxiii. Weaknesses does not specify spring and way out. xxiv. When one trait or behavior accompanies another. xxv. Correlation Coefficient a statistical prize of the relationship between two variables. 3. Example R = + 0.37a. R is the correlation coefficientb. + is the oversight of relationship (either + or ) c. 0.37 indicates the strength of relationship xxvi.Correlation DOES NOT mean causation.4. Examplesd. number 1 self-esteem could pull in depressione. opinion could cause low self-esteemf. condemnable events or biological predisposition could cause low self-esteem and depression. xxvii. Illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. (Example parents conceive children by and by adoption). xxviii. Order in Random Events5. precondition random data, we look for order and important patterns. 6. Given large numbers of random outcomes, a few are seeming to express order. k. Experimentationxxix. Basic purpose to explore cause and aftermath.xxx. Ho w conducted manipulate one or more factors use random assignment. xxxi. What is manipulated the free-lance variable(s). xxxii. Weaknesses sometimes not practicable results may not generalize to other contexts not ethical to manipulate certain variables. xxxiii. The backbone of psychological research7. personal cause generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships. xxxiv. Double-blind Procedure in evaluating drug therapies, patients and experimenters assistants should re important unaware of which patients had the real manipulation and which patients had the placebo overlayment. xxxv. Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions, by random assignment, minimizes preexist differences between the two groups. xxxvi. In subject castrateing a factor manipulated by the experimenter.8. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the psychoanalyse 9. Example when examining the effects of breast-feeding upon intell igence, breast-feeding is the independent variable. xxxvii. symbiotic Variable a factor that may change in response to an independent variable. 10. Usually a behavior or a mental process.11. Example in the mull over of the effect of breast-feeding upon intelligence, intelligence is the dependent variable.4) Aristotlel. 384-322 B.C.m. Naturalist and philosophern. Theorized about psychologys conceptso. Suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. p. The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of exceptional parts of the soul. -Aristotle 5) Wundtq. 1832-1920r. Studied the atoms of the minds. Experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, which is considered the birth of psychology.6) William pilet. 1842-1910u. American philosopherv. Wrote psychology textbook in 1890w. Jamess student, Mary Calkins, became the APAs kickoff female president xxxviii. She was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard.7) Sigmund Freudx. 1856-1 939y. Austrian physicianz. punctuate the importance of the unconscious mind mind and its effects on human behavior.8) Psychology. Originated in many disciplines and countries. Defined as the science of mental life until the 1920s. . 1920-1960 psychology was heavy oriented towards behaviorism. . Psychology the scientific national of behavior and mental processes. 9) Pavlov, Watson and skinner. Watson 1878-1958. Skinner 1904-1990. Emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology instead of mind or mental thoughts.. Anything seems commonplace, once explained. -Watson 10) Maslow and Rogers. Maslow 1908-1970. Rogers 1902-1987. Emphasized menstruation environmental influences on our growth probable and our need for love and acceptance.11) The American psychological Association (APA). The largest organization of psychology. 160,000 members world-wide. Followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.12) flow perspectives. Neuros cience how the body and hit enables emotions xxxix. How are messages transmissible in the body? How is blood interpersonal chemistry linked with moods and motives? . Evolutionary how the natural pickaxe of traits promotes the perpetuation on ones genes. xl. How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? . Behavior genetics how much our genes and our environments influence our several(prenominal) differences xli. To what extent are psychological traits much(prenominal) as intelligence, genius, inner orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? . Psychodynamic how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. xlii. How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as cloaked effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? . behavioral how we learn observable responses.xliii. How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the approximate ly effective way to alter our behavior, enounce to lose weight or diverge smoking? . Cognitive how we encode, process, store and restore breeding xliv. How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? fuss solving? . Social-cultural how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. xlv. How are we- as Africans, Asians, Australians or north Americans- alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 13) Psychologys subfields. biological explore the links between brain and mind. . Developmental study-changing abilities from womb to tomb. . Cognitive study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. . Personality investigate our retentive traits.. Social explore how we view and presume one another . Clinical studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. . Counseling helps people roll in the hay with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. . Educational studies and helps individuals i n school and educational settings. . Industrial/Organizational studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 14) Clinical vs. psychiatry. Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. . Psychiatrists (M.D.) medical examination professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 15) Three main levels of analysis